Craniates - Crainata - the Animal Encyclopedia

Craniates - Crainata - the Animal Encyclopedia Craniates (Craniata) are a gathering of chordates that incorporates hagfish, lampreys, and jawed vertebrates, for example, creatures of land and water, flying creatures, reptiles, well evolved creatures, and fishes. Craniates are best depicted as chordates that have a braincase (additionally called a noggin or a skull), mandible (jawbone) and other facial bones. Craniates do exclude less complex chordates, for example, lancelets and tunicates. A few craniates are sea-going and have gill cuts, dissimilar to the more crude lancelets which have pharyngeal cuts. Hagfishes Are the Most Primitive Among craniates, the most crude is the hagfishes. Hagfishes don't have a hard skull. Rather, their skull is comprised of ligament, a solid however adaptable substance that comprises of the protein keratin. Hagfishes are the main living creature that has a skull however do not have a spine or vertebral segment. First Evolved Around 480 Million Years Ago The primary realized craniates were marine creatures that developed around 480 million years back. These early craniates are thought to have veered from lancelets. As undeveloped organisms, craniates have a one of a kind tissue called the neural peak. The neural peak forms into an assortment of structures in the grown-up creature, for example, nerve cells, ganglia, some endocrine organs, skeletal tissue, and connective tissue of the skull. Craniates, similar to all chordates, build up a notochord that is available in hagfishes and lampreys yet which vanishes in many vertebrates where it is supplanted by the vertebral section. All Have an Internal Skeleton All craniates have an inward skeleton, additionally called an endoskeleton. The endoskeleton is comprised of either ligament or calcified bone. All craniates have a circulatory framework that comprises of corridors, vessels, and veins. They additionally have a chambered heart (in vertebrates the circulatory framework is shut) and a pancreas and combined kidneys. In craniates, the stomach related tract comprises of a mouth, pharynx, throat, digestive system, rectum, and anus.â The Craniate Skull In the craniate skull, the olfactory organ is found foremost to different structures, trailed by combined eyes, matched ears. Additionally inside the skull is the mind which is comprised of five sections, the romencephalon, metencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, and telencepahlon. Likewise present in the craniate skull are an assortment of nerves, for example, the olfactory, optic, trigeninal, facial, accoustic, glossopharygeal, and vagus cranial nerve.â Most craniates have unmistakable male and female genders, albeit a few animal categories are hemaphroditic. Most fish and creatures of land and water experience outside treatment and lay eggs while duplicating while different craniates, (for example, well evolved creatures) bear live youthful. Order Craniates are ordered inside the accompanying ordered pecking order: Creatures Chordates Craniates Craniates are separated into the accompanying scientific categorizations: Hagfishes (Myxini) - There are six types of hagfishes alive today. Individuals from this gathering have been the subject of much discussion about how they ought to be put inside the arrangement of chordates. Right now, hagfishes are viewed as most firmly identified with lampreys.Lampreys (Hyperoartia) - There are around 40 types of lampreys alive today. Individuals from this gathering incorporate northern lampreys, southern topeyed lampreys, and pouched lampreys. Lampreys have a long, thin body and a skeleton made of cartilage.Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) - There are around 53,000 types of jawed vertebrates alive today. Jawed vertebrates incorporate hard fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and tetrapods.

The process of scholarly writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The procedure of academic composition - Essay Example The procedure of insightful composition As an element of this specific examination, the creator will consider and audit an insightful distribution entitled â€Å"driving a green economy through open account and financial strategy reform†. This specific article, distributed by the University of Oxford and wrote by Benjamin Jones, contends that prompt and extensive worldwide changes must be locked in through a system and structure of arrangement, administrative, and budgetary changes as a methods for making a greener and progressively supportable planet. While there are perpetually a large number of qualities that this individual paper speaks to, there are additionally an elevated level of downsides as well as shortcomings that ought to likewise be broke down. In such a manner, this logical investigation will draw in the peruser with an assortment of each of these in the expectations that such an explanatory examination will be valuable and wanting to arrange, group, and portray which components of the examination are especially solid and ought to be occupied with an all the more full and complete way just as which components of the exploration are normally imperfect and might require a degree of further examination req uest to think about them for incorporation in such a degree of argumentation. Right off the bat, it is important to take note of that the degree of research and investigation that went into the distribution of this specific piece was significant. Occupants in every case simple to highlight inadequacies of specific creator may have concerning the manner by which topic is introduced, it must be perceived and valued that the degree of research and the extent of examination which was incorporated inside this specific investigation was significant. ... In spite of the fact that it is the assessment of this specific investigator that a considerable lot of the focuses that are contended inside the examination are at last defective, it can't be expressed that they are not first rate and insightful. At long last, the presentation itself posted of a ground-breaking diagram with respects the points that will be examined; as opposed to just referencing them quickly and diving legitimately into a structure and philosophy that would be utilized (Jones 339). Another prominent quality is concerning the whole area managing endowment change inside the present framework. Because of the way that the present degree of endowment depiction is eventually degenerate and imperfect, an adjustment in the structure would make a significant level of existing subsidizing through which green industry and practice could be advanced. With the entirety of this being stated, an explanatory investigation all by itself would not be finished except if it examine a portion of the particular disappointments and shortcomings that the piece being referred to causes. Accordingly, one of the first of these is concerning the component of â€Å"green taxation† that was introduced inside the exploration. Despite the fact that the method of reasoning for this was comprehended, the peruser is left with a particular worry concerning the manner by which deadweight misfortune to the economy and the challenges of overseeing such tax collection would be locked in. The peruser doesn't must have a foundation in financial aspects to comprehend that the inconvenience of expense or potentially an obligation or endowment fundamentally makes a degree of deadweight misfortune to the whole economy. Be that as it may, despite the fact that the creator advocates green tax assessment as a methods for connecting further component of natural protectionism and supportability all through the world, no

A Beautiful Mind and Schizophrenia - Free Essay Example

Paranoid schizophrenia, also known as schizophrenia with paranoia, is a type of psychosis that severely impacts how people behave. Those diagnosed with schizophrenia can have a variety of symptoms that usually begin to appear during teenage years. Paranoid schizophrenia causes people to be unreasonably suspicious of others, which can severely impact their day to day lives. Paranoid delusions can cause patients to have difficulty living their daily routines, but this can be managed through medication and counseling (WebMD, n.d.). In the movie A Beautiful Mind, the main character, John Nash, suffers from paranoid schizophrenia. The movie opens with John, an accomplished mathematician, arriving at Princeton University for graduate school, where he immediately becomes close friends with his roommate Charles. He is very successful and has already won the Carnegie Prize for mathematics. After being rejected by a woman at the bar, John is able to come up with his theory of governing dynamics, which is very important in mathematical economics. Nash then becomes a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He later falls in love with one of his students, Alicia, after she goes to his office hours to discuss a challenging problem he put on the board in class. Nash returns to Princeton and meets up with Charles and his young niece, Marcie. He also meets Mr. William Parcher, an agent for the Department of Defense, who invites him to a secret government facility to crack a code from the Russians. After solving the code easily, Nash is given another assignmentto look for codes regarding United States security against the Soviets in magazines and then place the decoded messages in a special mailbox. While dropping off the magazines, he is chased by Russians with gunfire. John begins to behave more strangely and acts more paranoid and hostile towards his family, which prompts Alicia to contact a psychiatric facility. When he is guest lecturing at Harvard University, Nash believes he is being watched people. He is sedated and taken to a psychiatric hospital, but he believes that his doctors are working for the Soviets and are trying and get information out of him. John is informed that he had been hallucinating the entire time but he does not believe it. Alicia goes to the mailbox where John had been dropping off his letters and she retrieves all of his unopened codes. John then realizes that his Charles and Macie were also delusions. He is treated with insulin shock therapy and given anti-psychotic medicines which dull his ability to do his work. Because of this, he secretly stops taking his medication which leads to a relapse. The hallucinations come back and John begins trying to break codes again, but then he realizes that Macie never gets older and that she was never real. He says goodbye to all of his hallucinations and thanks Charles for being his best friend over the years. He agrees to stop speaking to them and to continue taking his medications. When he is older, he returns to Princeton University to audit classes and eventually gets to teach again. John earned the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on Game Theory. He learns to manage his disease and is able to live a relatively normal life (Grazer Howard, 2001). John Nash suffered from schizophrenia, which caused many unhealthy behaviors in the film. He exhibited many of the common symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, which include: delusions of persecution, reference, exalted birth, special mission, bodily change, or jealousy; hallucinatory voices that threaten the patient or give commands, or auditory hallucinations without verbal form, such as whistling, humming, or laughing; hallucinations of smell or taste, or of sexual or other bodily sensations; visual hallucinations may occur but are rarely predominant (World Health Organization, n.d.). John suffered from delusions of persecution by the Soviets, the special code-breaking missions and many hallucinations in the form of Charles, Macie and Parcher. The cause of schizophrenia is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetics, brain chemistry and environment. Different brain chemicals, such as dopamine and glutamate, may contribute to whether or not someone has schizophrenia. There are some factors that can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. These factors include: family history of schizophrenia, increased immune system activation, older father, pregnancy or birth complications and mind-altering drugs during young adulthood. Without treatment, schizophrenia can lead to suicide, anxiety, OCD, depression, substance abuse, isolation, medial problems or aggressive behavior. This disorder requires a lifetime of treatment, even though the patient may feel better. Schizophrenia can be treated with anti-psychotic medications, hospitalization and el ectroconvulsive therapy. Additionally, patients require work with a psychologist, social worker and psychiatric nurse (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Approximately 1.2% of Americans have been diagnosed with schizophrenia. People who suffer from schizophrenia, such as John Nash, are able to live and function with their condition if given the right treatment. Although schizophrenia is a very serious condition, it can be managed and patients can try to live a relatively normal life. A Beautiful Mind is able to tell the story of John Nashs life and chronicles his mental health and personal life. Works Cited Grazer, B. (Producer), Howard, R. (Director) Goldsman, A. (Writer). (2001).A Beautiful Mind[Video file]. Retrieved November 17, 2018. Mayo Clinic. (2018, April 10). Schizophrenia. Retrieved November 25, 2018, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354443 WebMD. (n.d.). What Is Paranoid Schizophrenia? Retrieved November 17, 2018, from https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/guide/schizophrenia-paranoia#1 World Health Organization. (n.d.). Schizophrenia. Retrieved November 25, 2018, from https://www.schizophrenia.com/szparanoid.html

- Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1780 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Critically appraise the circumstances where an impairment loss is deemed to have occurred Introduction IAS 36 Impairment of assets published in 1998 and subsequently amended in 2004 and in 2008, seeks to ensure that an asset is not carried on the statement of financial position at a value that is greater that its recoverable amount. This paper aims to critically appraise the circumstances where an impairment loss is deemed to have occurred and explain when companies should perform an impairment review of assets, while discussing the effects of impairment decisions on the firms financial position and performance. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "" essay for you Create order Previously there was little authoritative guidance on the accounting for asset impairments. The absence of explicit guidance for many assets permitted substantial discretion in terms of amounts and timing of write offs (Francis et al, 1996). Over time accounting standards have moved towards presenting more items at fair value on the Balance Sheet. In doing so IAS 36 tries to remove as much discretion as possible. The primary objective of IAS 36 Impairment of Assets is to ensure that an entitys assets are carried at no more than their recoverable amount and the standard sets out the criteria for defining how the recoverable amount is determined. Entities are required to conduct impairment tests where there is an indication of impairment of an asset, with the exception of goodwill and certain intangible assets for which an annual impairment test is required. Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life, an intangible asset not yet available for use and acquired goodwill should all be measured annually whether or not there is any indication of impairment. Impairment is deemed to occur when the carrying amount is higher than the recoverable amount (i.e. the value in use. the assets net selling price or the fair value as determined in accordance with IFRS 13). At the end of each reporting period an entity is required to assess whether there is any indication of impairment. If an indication of impairment is evident then the assets recoverable amount must be calculated [IAS 36.9]. An impairment loss is recognised where the recoverable amount is below the carrying amount [IAS 36.59]. The impairment loss should be immediately recognised, generally as an expense unless it relates to a revalued asset where the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation decrease [IAS 36.60]. In the case of goodwill, a cash-generating unit to which goodwill has been allocated shall be tested for impairment at least annually by comparing the carrying amount of the unit, including the goodwill, with the recoverable amount of the unit: [IAS 36.90] In each situati on, if the carrying amount of the unit exceeds the recoverable amount of the unit, the entity must recognise an impairment loss. This is a radical change in accounting for goodwill. Previously, International Accounting Standards required recognition of Goodwill subject to amortisation over its useful lifetime. Indicators of impairment are set out in IAS 36 with a view to making the decision less subjective than previously was the case. Negative changes in technology, markets, economy and law could all have adverse impact on the value of an entitys assets. Indicators of impairment could be as a result of internal or external sources. The market value of an asset may decline as a result of usage or the passage of time. Other external indicators of a decline in value could be the result of significant technological, market, economic, or legal changes which occur and have an adverse effect on the asset or entity. Market interest rates may impact the discount rate used in calculating the value in use of an asset and therefore decreasing its recoverable amount. Internal indicators of an impairment review could be the result of obsolete or physically damage assets, or if an asset is part of a restructure or held for sale, or where the economic performance of an asset is worse than expected. Despite the standard being objectively set, it can be difficult in determining the measurement of value attributable in assessing impairment options. The timings and measurement of asset write-downs rely heavily on estimates. A number of features of impairment testing and measurement process make implementation a challenge. Triggering events to indicate impairment are many and vary greatly in significance and severity. Different valuation models are used and there is little conformity in the selection of discount rates. (Comiskey and Mulford, 2010). A difference in nature continues to exist between fair values disclosed by management. While the standard seeks to increase transparency and eliminate the subjectivity of accounting for impairments, the exercise for determining if an asset is impaired and by how much remains at managements discretion. It was felt that previously management took advantage of the discretion afforded by accounting rules to manipulate earnings either by not r ecognising impairment when it has occurred or by recognising it only when it is advantages (to them) to do so (Francis et al, 1996). The standard now seeks to address this discretion by requiring annual impairment (Goodwill and intangibles) or impairment reviews to be carried out whenever there is an indication of impairment. Even still, there is an element of discretion afforded to the calculation of impairments and so management incentives to manage earnings can still play a part in any impairment decisions. These estimates might be managed to alter or avoid impairments, limiting the comparability across firms. A goodwill impairment loss, for example, is estimated in most cases from managements projections of future cash flows (Z Li et al, 2011). This is problematic to the investors who are unable to see through these potential manipulations. Indeed, investors and analysts have the option to adjust, or indeed totally ignore, reported accounting numbers, therefore it is far less ce rtain whether this reporting behaviour actually misleads users or reduces reliability and relevance (Lhaopadchan, 2010). Additionally, financial statements differ from the management accounts used by an entity and the effect of any impairment further widens a gap already existing between management information accounts used by the board and the financial statements audited and published. Earnings manipulation is one such concern given the judgemental approach to the indication of and calculation of impairment. One of the most widely cited papers that investigate the effect of executive compensation plan on accounting choice is Healy (1985). Healy hypothesizes that managers have an economic incentive to manipulate earnings in order to increase their cash compensation, this being the case certain accounting standards allow for this more than others and IAS 36 still allows for an element of judgement in the calculation of impairments. Furthermore, papers have cited the nature behind recognition (or lack of recognition) of impairments and IAS 36 permits an impairment loss on a long lived asset to be reversed if the economic value of the asset recovers. This has been seen to have a direct impact on the practice of impairments whereby reversibility has a positive effect on a managers decision to record asset impairments. Permitting reversals significantly increases the lik elihood that a manager will record the impairment (Trottier 2013) thus highlighting the discretion that management can withhold towards the treatment of impairments. Volatile financial markets and shifting economic conditions can impact the value of a companys assets across the Balance Sheet. The recent global meltdown of financial markets was accompanied by highly publicised asset write-downs (Spear and Taylor 2011) and so the standard seeks to address the transparency of the financial statements by ensuring that impairments are directly reflected through the profit and loss account and statement of comprehensive income, disclosed by class of asset. It is not surprising that the most frequent write down activities took place during periods of economic recession confirming the strong relationship between asset write-downs and economic conditions. In 2013 the consolidated results of PSA Peugeot Citroen saw a à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1,101 million impairment charge, mainly recognised with respect to the assets of the Automotive Division, primarily to reflect the deteriorating automobile markets and adverse exchange rate movements in Russia and Latin America. Additionally, in 2014 Vodafones end of year profits dropped after a  £6.6bn impairment relating to the value of European operations whereby lower than expected cash flows were the result of a tougher macroeconomic environment and heavy price competition contributing to a total decline in revenues. Both investors and financial analysts revise their expectations downward on the announcement of an impairment loss. The negative impact of the loss serves as a leading indicator of a decline in the future profitability of an entity. (Z Li et al, 2011). Conclusion In conclusion, despite the presumed benefits associated with Fair Value accounting, it is shown that in practice managerial self-interests and earnings management concerns appear to motivate many impairment decisions (Lhaopadchan, 2010). IAS 36 goes further than any previous standard and subsequent amendments to eliminate any subjectivity involved in highlighting and calculating an impairment loss. While goodwill should be assessed annually for impairment other potentially impaired assets are only reviewed in detail for impairment if there is an indication of impairment, some of which are highlighted by the standard itself, however the indicator of impairment could go unidentified resulting in misleading financial statements. Additionally many calculations of impairment use management projections which could include error or contain an element of managerial self-interest and manipulation. Generally speaking the reaction of market participants to any impairment disclosed in the financ ial statements is of a negative nature with the exception of restructuring costs for which highlight future spend. While the standard seeks to provide a truer and fairer representation of asset value it should be noted with caution the subjective nature of any calculations. Even with an unqualified audit report on the financial statements the audit opinion on impairment is only as good as the information provided and made available to the external auditors. Hence, it can be concluded that IAS 36 Impairment of assets has come far to contribute to improve the transparency of the financial statements by successfully determining when and how impairment reviews should be conducted, however there will remain an element of managerial judgement for which caution should be taken by all users of the financial statements. References Causes and effects of discretionary asset write-off, Francis, J.. J. D. Hanna, and L. Vincent. Journal of Accounting Research Volume 34, 1996. Goodwill, Triggering Events and Impairment Accounting, Eugene E Comiskey; Charles W. Mulford. Managerial Finance, Volume 36 (9): 22 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" August 10 2010 Causes and Consequences of Goodwill Impairment Losses Z Li et al. Review of Accounting Studies, Volume 16 (4) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dec 1, 2011 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" May 11 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2010. Fair Value Accounting and Intangible Assets. Lhaopadchan. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Volume 18 (2) The Effect of Reversibility on a Managers Decision to Record Asset Impairments, Trottier, Kim. Journal Accounting Perspectives , Volume 12 (1) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mar 1, 2013 The Effect/Decisions of Bonus Schemes on Accounting Choices, Healy, P M. Journal of Accounting and Economics Volume 7 (1), 1985 Asset Write Downs: Evidence from 2001-2008, Spear, Nasser A; Taylor, Alexandra M. Australian Accounting Review, Volume 21 (1) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mar 1, 2011

Gender Inequality The Case Of The American Superhero...

Hanna Dorn SOC365-A FA17 Gender Inequality in the US: The Case of the American superhero film industry The American film industry creates gender inequality through its structural components and proliferates it through the generation of character archetypes that assimilate into social norms which appeal to a mass audience. This cycle of gender inequality is evident through the structural inequality of the industry, the reinforcement of stereotyped social norms, and the comparison of two recent American superhero films. Suicide Squad follows the industry tradition of gender inequality, while Wonder Woman defies gender inequality, proving the industry is receptive to change. From a structural perspective, the production companies that†¦show more content†¦This necessity as a marketing tool reinforces the social norm in which women are objectified for their appearance and youth (Cole 2007). In terms of the film industry as a rewarding career choice, men are more likely to win prestigious awards than women, reinforced by the fact that 77 percent of Oscar voters are men (McKinley 2 017; New York Film Academy 2013). However, despite these structural inequalities, the most basic level of the film industry remains the consumers of movies. Half of all moviegoers are women, despite their underrepresentation (New York Film Academy 2013). The structural inequality of the film industry reinforces social norms through the development of films that exemplify gender inequality. As of 2013, 30.8 percent of speaking roles belong to women, 28.8 percent of women wore sexually revealing clothing, and 26.2 percent of women got partially naked in the top 500 films in the past decade (New York Film Academy 2013). These inequalities articulate themselves into various marketable film archetypes that have proven to sell, despite being based upon societally constructed gender roles and painting women in a negative light (Mantel 1990: 173-183). An example of a blockbuster film that both reinforces these social norms as character archetypes and exemplifies the structural inequality of the film industry is Warner Brothers and DC Entertainment’s film, Suicide Squad. The film is written and directed by David Ayer, and produced byShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Superman- Sexual Equality981 Words   |  4 PagesHow many people have questioned that when there is a Superman saving the world, if there is also a Superwoman using her power to protect people? The answer must be yes. Personally, I think the superhero culture is mostly showing a strong sexual difference. There is more male superhero than female superhero. The Superman issue claims that men are the saver of the world, they are stronger to protect everything in life. For example, when there are monsters starting to destroy the city, women are scaredRead MorePortrayal Of Women s Film : A Recent Post On Vanity Fair And The Presence Of Wonder Woman1989 Words   |  8 Pagesloudness. These characteristics undeniably express the idea of feminism (Erikson Eric 1968). Unfortunately, the world has been grappling with the issues of stereotypes and negativity in the comic industry, with females landing roles like secretary, nurse and wife. As Maya Angelou; an African-American poet rightly put, â€Å"how important it is for us to recognize and celebrate our heroes and she-roes†. This is an important and salient point in the society. Nevertheless, it has always been neglected due

Disadvantages of using Social Media Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Disadvantages of using Social Media. Answer: Introduction Social media is being increasingly used in the business organizations and by the users from all across the globe. There are a number of social media platforms, such as, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram etc. that have been set up. These platforms are used by the users to remain in contact with each other. From the business point of view, these social media platforms are used for marketing and advertising activities along with interaction with the customers. The comments and interests shown by the customers on the social media posts is also used for the purpose of information analysis to understand the customer preferences and choices. There are various benefits of social media platforms that are offered to the business organizations in terms of enhanced customer interaction, better marketing and advertising, increased collaboration and likewise (Modeus, 2013). However, there are also many drawbacks and disadvantages that are associated with these social media platforms. Disadvantages of using Social Media An organization bears a number of disadvantages as well with the use of social media platforms in the business functions and activities. Some of these drawbacks and disadvantages are listed and described below. Open Platform The social media platforms that are available and have been set are open platforms which can be used by any users and organization. There is a lot of information that is posted by the business units on these social media platforms so that the information may reach out to maximum number of people. Due to the open nature of the social platforms, there cannot be any restriction that may be imposed on the information being viewed by the users. It gets exposed to the rivals and competitors as well that may obtain the information shared and may use it to their advantage. This may lead to increased competition in the market (Reddy, 2017). Social Media Management Team There are a number of departments and divisions that are created in a business organization. Some of the common divisions that are normally present in the organizations include accounts department, human resources department, sales and marketing department etc. However, with the increased use and application of social media platforms and networking, it has become necessary to set up social media management team as well (Business, 2015). There are various roles that are defined for the social media management team, such as, social media managers, social media analysts, social media executives and many more. The organizations need to look out for correct set of skills and knowledge to allocate these roles to the resources. There is also external hiring that is carried out in certain cases. The setting up of the social media management team involves the additional costs, such as, cost of recruitment and training, cost of resources and likewise. Security Privacy Risks With the use and application of social media platforms in the organization, there are a number of security and privacy risks that emerge. The information that is posted on the social media platforms is accessible to one and all. There is a lot of information that is posted by the business organizations on the social media platforms, such as, details of the new product being launched by the company, reviews provided by the customers, details on the business partners and stakeholder, contact information etc. This information may be captured by the malevolent entities and the security threats around identity theft and impersonation may be given shape (Adweek, 2013). These malevolent entities may impersonate as the legitimate business unit and then they may trick the users to extract additional information which may be used inappropriately. There are various hackers and malware attackers that are present in various parts of the world. These hackers often look out for the security vulnerabilities and access points that may be used to hack the organizational systems and information sets. With the use of social media platforms, the occurrence of hack jobs and activities has increased due to the increase in the number of access points (Trendmicro, 2014). There are also a number of malware codes that have been designed which are launched by making use of social media platform as the threat carrier. The customers and the other users that use social media platforms are often infected with such malware. The launch of adware, spyware and ransomware is a common practice in association with the social media platforms. Due to the open nature of the social platforms, there cannot be any restriction that may be imposed on the information being viewed by the users. It gets exposed to the rivals and competitors as well that may obtain the information shared and may use it to their advantage. This may lead to increased competition in the market. The competitors may apply their own analytics and may be able to identify the marketing patterns and trends being used by the organization which comes under the category of confidential information. There are customers and business executives that may post and share information on the social media accounts and may use location based services for the same. This would allow the hackers and monitors to capture the location details of the user. These details may then be used incorrectly to cause harm to the user. Accidental Posts When a business organization sets up social media platforms, it is necessary to monitor and manage the same at a continuous pace. There is also a lot of information that needs to be posted and shared through these social media platforms. It is often witnessed that the social media team often posts an incorrect or accidental post on their social media accounts. It is within seconds that such accidental posts may get viral and users from all over the globe may come to known about the same (Abrons, 2017). Such accidental posts and their sharing to the public can have adverse impacts on the business organizations and their reputation in the market. Negative Comments There are huge number of customers and users that have presence on the social media platforms. These customers have the access to the social media platforms that are set up by any organization along with the information that is posted on these platforms. In association with the services and products that are provided to the customers by an organization, there may be certain section of customers that may like the offerings, while, there may also be a section of customers that may not like or appreciate the offerings (Webpagefx, 2017). The customers and users belonging to the second category may post some deteriorating and upsetting comments and feedback on a particular service or product. There may also be competitors that may do it purposely so that the new set of users and customers may read through these comments and may lose their interest to form any engagement with the organization. Thus, the customer base of the organization may get adversely impacted due to the negative comments that may be posted by the users on these social media accounts. Irregular Monitoring The customers of the present times wish to get associated with the organizations that have social media presence. They do not like to get associated with the ones that have a weaker social media presence and activities. This is due to the reason that social media platforms have made it easier to create a higher level of transparency between the customers and the organizations (Nibusinessinfo, 2017). There are certain organizations that may not have a strong social media management team. In such cases, the response to the customer questions and queries may not be provided in a timely manner. This may lead to the deterioration of customer expectations and satisfaction from the services and offers provided by the organization to its customers. Inadequate Strategy and Planning Planning is one of the most important activities and properties that are associated with any of the tasks. It is necessary to make sure that adequate planning is carried out so that the success of any activity can be assured. In case of the social media platforms and related activities, there is a need to make use of an appropriate strategy. There are business organizations that miss out on this step and like to go with the trend of adapting social media platforms in their architecture (Norton, 2011). Due to the absence of an adequate strategy, there are cases of failure or negative occurrences that are witnessed. These occurrences are in the form of ineffective communication and monitoring of the social media platforms, inappropriate content being shared on the social media platforms and many more. This leads to the execution and experience of many disadvantages in place of the benefits that are possible with the use of social media platforms. Countermeasures to the Drawbacks There are various strategies and policies that shall be followed so that the benefits can be achieved from the social media platforms that are set up for the organizations and the drawbacks are avoided. One of the initial steps shall be the use of adequate planning and decision making in terms of the analysis of the requirements of the organization to set up social media accounts. The assessment of the needs shall be done followed by the selection and shortlisting of the social media platforms that shall be used. It shall then be followed by the identification and tagging of the resources to be used in the core team of social media management. The resources shall be identified and shall be provided with the information on the set of roles and responsibilities that they must carry out. The details of the plan that these resources shall follow along with assessment of the risks shall also be performed. The content management and creation team shall also be created so that they create an intelligent content that may have the ability to inform the latest offers and services being provided in order to expand the customer base and enhance the customer engagement. However, the content shall not reveal any confidential and private information to the customers and the competitors (Baruah, 2012). The security risks and attacks shall be controlled by making use of adequate security controls and tools. There are various types of security controls that have been created that may be used by the organizations. These security controls include the use of information protection and privacy controls for the avoidance of social media attacks on security. There may be a number of malware attacks that may be launched by the hackers. There are anti-malware codes and tools that have been designed which shall also be used and installed by the organizations on their respective social media accounts so that the malware attacks can be avoided. The social media management team must also be informed about the organizational ethics and ethical practices that they must follow while posting and sharing the information on the social media accounts. Conclusion Technology has advanced and upgraded itself in the recent years. There are many changes to technology that have taken place and have been observed. The organizations need to make sure that they make use of latest technological tools and practices that are in trend. This will allow them to have a maximum customer base and increased revenues. Social media networking and marketing is one of the latest additions in the practices being used in the current times. There are a number of social media accounts that have been created that are used by the business organizations for a number of different services and operations. There are various benefits that are provided to the organizations with the use of these social media platforms. However, there can also be a number of disadvantages that may be observed for the organization. Some of these drawbacks include accidental posts, security attacks, negative feedback and comments, use of information by the competitors, additional requirement of costs and resources and likewise. These drawbacks shall be managed by following an adequate strategy and plan for the management of the social media platforms and accounts. The selection of the resources in the social media management team shall also be in accordance with the needs and requirements of the organization. References Abrons, R. (2017). The Disadvantages of Using Social Networks as Marketing Tools. [online] Smallbusiness.chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-using-social-networks-marketing-tools-20861.html [Accessed 13 Oct. 2017]. Adweek (2013). 5 Threats To Your Security When Using Social Media. [online] Adweek.com. Available at: https://www.adweek.com/digital/5-social-media-threats/ [Accessed 13 Oct. 2017]. Baruah, T. (2012). Effectiveness of Social Media as a tool of communication and its potential for technology enabled connections: A micro-level study. [online] Available at: https://www.ijsrp.org/research_paper_may2012/ijsrp-may-2012-24.pdf [Accessed 13 Oct. 2017]. Business (2015). Pros and cons of using social media for business. [online] Business.gov.au. Available at: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/advertising-and-online/pros-and-cons-of-social-media [Accessed 13 Oct. 2017]. Modeus, G. (2013). Social media - Integrate it and perform better?. [online] Available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:632477/FULLTEXT01.pdf [Accessed 13 Oct. 2017]. Nibusinessinfo (2017). Advantages and disadvantages of using social media. [online] nibusinessinfo.co.uk. Available at: https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/advantages-and-disadvantages-using-social-media [Accessed 13 Oct. 2017]. Norton, C. (2011). Norton's Notes | The Seven deadly disadvantages of Social Media. [online] Chrisnorton.biz. Available at: https://chrisnorton.biz/social-media/the-seven-deadly-disadvantages-of-social-media/ [Accessed 13 Oct. 2017]. Reddy, C. (2017). Top 20 Disadvantages of using Social Media for Job Search - WiseStep. [online] WiseStep. Available at: https://content.wisestep.com/top-disadvantages-of-using-social-media-for-job-search/ [Accessed 13 Oct. 2017]. Trendmicro (2014). 9 Social Media Threats You Need To Be Aware of - Security News - Trend Micro USA. [online] Trendmicro.com. Available at: https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/9-social-media-threats-you-need-to-be-aware-of [Accessed 13 Oct. 2017]. Webpagefx (2017). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media Marketing. [online] Webpagefx.com. Available at: https://www.webpagefx.com/internet-marketing/social-media-marketing-advantages-and-disadvantages.html [Accessed 13 Oct. 2017].

Short Story Situational Irony free essay sample

Situational irony is when a character’s actions have the opposite of their intended effect. There are clear instances of situational irony found in the short stories, â€Å"Prodigal Son†, â€Å"The Gift of the Magi†, and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. All of these stories have characters that found themselves in an unexpected circumstance. The biblical story, â€Å"Prodigal Son†, is about a father who plans to leave his sons an inheritance after he dies but his younger son asked his father for his share of the fortune early. The son was granted his money but knew he could no longer claim his family as his own. The young man moves to another country and lives a lavish lifestyle that only lasted a short while. He soon ran out of money and was starving during a famine. The son returns to his father, not asking for forgiveness or to be called his son, but asking to work as his father’s servant. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story Situational Irony or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Prepared to live amongst the pigs, the son was shocked by his father’s warm welcome. His father dressed him in a fine robe, a ring and shoes. There was a fattened calf for the son and all his friends to feast on at his party to welcome him home. The son’s plea to live as a servant and stay with the pigs after being selfish and greedy was ironic because his father was joyed by his return and gave him more than expected. The son thought he would return to be a worker and was happily surprised to return to be accepted back by his father. â€Å"The Gift of the Magi†, by O. Henry, is about a couple that was living a modest life but wanted to buy something special for each other on Christmas. Della only had $1. 87 to buy Jim a gift and she needed a way to come up with more money. She found place that was willing to buy hair. Della had long, flowing hair that beautifully cascaded down to her knees and she took much pride in it but she cut it off to sell for twenty dollars. Della now had enough money to buy Jim a platinum chain for his cherished gold watch that had been in his family for generations. Jim came home later that night and was surprised to see Della with no hair. She was hurt by the look he gave her because she only cut her hair off for him but she didn’t know the real reason why he was looking at her that way. When she opened her gift from Jim, she was surprised with a set of beautiful combs she has had her eye on for a very long time. Jim had to sell his watch to buy her the combs, so he had no watch for his chain and she had no hair for her combs. The presents they bought for each other showed love and sacrifice and that’s better than any gift money could buy. The situational irony is that Della was selfless in giving up what she loved in order to give Jim something to better his most precious belonging just to find out he did the same for her. In the short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, there is a woman who’s physician husband, John, rented a house for the summer and puts her in an upstairs room so she can recover from temporary nervous depression. John believes if she does not strain herself with work she will rest up and be back to her normal, healthy self. His wife did not agree with this tactic and although she was not happy in the room she was forced to stay in all day, she stayed. She noticed her temper had gotten much worse with John as time went on and she struggled to maintain her happiness being stuck in the room with the ugly yellow wallpaper. After weeks of being cooped up in the dingy room, she started to see things. She saw someone with a broken neck and bulbous eye that crawled all over the walls. She was up with terror every night finding horrifying things hidden in the wallpaper. Eventually she found a woman that seemed to be stuck in the wallpaper. She locked herself in the room and refused to leave once the lease is up. The woman circles the room scratching off the wallpaper in order to set the woman free. Once john goes into the room, he is blown away by the craziness he is witnessing. His wife dragging herself around the room having scratched all the paper off claiming that she is now set free. John’s original intention was to help his wife who was suffering a slight depression and his course of action caused her to go into a complete psychotic breakdown. The irony is that John secluding his wife for her own good was actually the force pushing her downfall. The three short stories discussed are all clear examples of how an author can use situational irony to add an unanticipated twist in the plot. When the characters intentions don’t match the result, it adds a surprise no one was expecting.